Totem pole pacific northwest

Totem pole from the Pacific Northwest carved from red cedar wood, symbolizing clan lineages and ancestral stories of Indigenous peoples of the North American west coast.

About this subject

Totem poles are monumental carvings by Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, including the Haida, Tlingit, Kwakwaka'wakw, and Coast Salish. Traditionally made from western red cedar (Thuja plicata), these poles can reach over 20 meters in height. Each carved figure represents totemic animals (eagle, bear, wolf, raven, whale) or human figures conveying clan stories, historical events, or family lineages.

Carving was done using tools like adzes and stone knives before metal tools were introduced by Europeans. Totem poles served various purposes: welcome poles at village entrances, memorial poles for deceased chiefs, shame poles to mock enemies, or mortuary poles holding remains. The geographical range spans from Alaska to Washington state, with a rich tradition flourishing between the 18th and 19th centuries.

After contact with colonizers, many poles were removed from their communities for museums or private collections, sparking contemporary repatriation efforts. Today, the art of totem pole carving is revitalized by Indigenous artisans, who maintain ancestral knowledge and ceremonial protocols. Symbolism is intricate: the position of figures (higher ones often more important) and artistic style (like almond-shaped eyes and ovoid forms) are hallmarks of Northwest Coast art.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the meaning of figures on totem poles?

Each animal or human figure carries specific symbolism, representing clans, stories, events, or traits like strength (bear), wisdom (raven), or leadership (eagle). The combination and positioning tell a complex narrative.

How are totem poles carved?

Traditionally carved with adzes and stone or shell knives. After colonization, metal tools were adopted. The process involves carving green wood, sometimes using fire to soften the fibers.

What is the average height of a totem pole?

They range from 3 to over 20 meters. Ceremonial poles, such as those of the Haida, often exceed 15 meters, while house poles are smaller.