Medieval shield colors

Medieval shield colors carried deep symbolic meaning in European heraldry, reflecting lineage, values, and military status between the 12th and 15th centuries.

About this subject

In medieval heraldry, the colors of shields, known as tinctures, followed a strict system. They were divided into metals (gold and silver), colors (red, blue, green, black, and purple), and rare furs like ermine. This system emerged during the Crusades and was consolidated in tournaments and battles from the 12th to 15th centuries.

Each color carried specific meanings. Red (gules) symbolized courage and martyrdom; blue (azure), loyalty and truth; green (vert), hope and joy; black (sable), mourning and wisdom. The metals gold (or) and silver (argent) represented nobility and purity. A fundamental rule was contrast: never place metal on metal nor color on color, ensuring visibility from a distance.

Notable historical examples include Richard the Lionheart's shield with three golden lions on a red field, and the coat of arms of Toulouse with the cross of Toulouse in gold and red. These combinations influenced modern national flags, such as those of England and France.

The materials used to paint shields were derived from minerals: ochre for red, azurite for blue, malachite for green. The paint was applied with tempera or vitreous enamel, resistant to battle wear.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a tincture in medieval heraldry?

A tincture is the technical term for colors used in coats of arms and shields. They are divided into metals (gold and silver), colors (red, blue, green, black, and purple), and furs (ermine and vair).

What is the rule of contrast for colors on medieval shields?

The fundamental rule is never to place a metal on another metal (e.g., gold on silver) nor a color on another color (e.g., red on blue). This ensures visibility and contrast.

How were colors obtained in the Middle Ages to paint shields?

Colors came from ground minerals: ochre for red and yellow, azurite for blue, malachite for green, charcoal for black. They were mixed with binders like egg white or linseed oil.