Medieval shield colors

Discover the meaning of colors on medieval shields: heraldry, symbolism, and combination rules used by knights and noble families.

About this subject

In the Middle Ages, the colors on shields were not merely decorative but carried a complex system of identification and symbolism known as heraldry. Each color, called a tincture, had a meaning associated with virtues, natural elements, or chivalric values. Red (gules) represented courage and nobility; blue (azure) symbolized loyalty and truth; green (vert) expressed hope and joy; black (sable) was a sign of wisdom and mourning; purple (purpure) indicated royalty and dignity. The metals, such as gold (or) and silver (argent), signified generosity and peace respectively.

The combination of colors followed strict rules to ensure contrast and legibility in battle. The fundamental rule forbade placing color on color or metal on metal, meaning light tinctures (metals) should be placed on dark tinctures and vice versa. For example, a golden lion on a blue field was allowed, but a blue lion on a black field was not. This rule, established by medieval heralds, ensured that coats of arms were recognizable from a distance, even when covered in dust or dirt.

Colors also carried political and genealogical messages. Noble families passed down their coats of arms for generations, and changes in colors indicated alliances or territorial claims. In England, the royal coat of arms of the Plantagenets alternated between golden lions on a red field and other arrangements depending on dynastic disputes. During the Crusades, Knights Templar used red crosses on white mantles, combining the metal silver (purity) with the red tincture (martyrdom).

Beyond colors, shields often featured heraldic figures such as animals, plants, and geometric shapes. The arrangement of these elements on the shield field was also codified. A shield divided vertically (per pale) or horizontally (per fess) could represent the union of two families through marriage. The choice of colors and figures was recorded in heraldic rolls, and violating the rules could be considered an offense to family honor. These codes remain in use today in institutions and sovereigns, such as the coats of arms of cities and universities.

Frequently Asked Questions

What were tinctures in medieval heraldry?

Tinctures were the colors and metals used in coats of arms. The main colors were red, blue, green, black, and purple, while the metals were gold and silver. Each had a symbolic meaning and specific rules for combination.

Why could you not put color on color on medieval shields?

The rule prevented lack of contrast, ensuring the coat of arms was easily identifiable from a distance. Placing color on color (e.g., blue on black) made it difficult to read, which could be fatal in battles or tournaments.

Did shield colors vary across medieval countries?

Yes, although the heraldic system was common in Western Europe, each region developed variations. For example, in France, the royal fleur-de-lis was often gold on a blue field, while in Germany imperial eagles used black on a gold background. Basic rules, however, were universal among heralds.