Itaipu hydroelectric dam aerial view with massive water release

Aerial view of Itaipu hydroelectric dam, on the border between Brazil and Paraguay, operating with controlled water release.

About this subject

The Itaipu hydroelectric dam is one of the largest in the world in energy generation, located on the Paraná River between Brazil and Paraguay. Its construction, which began in the 1970s and was completed in 1984, involved a binational agreement and displaced thousands of people, besides altering the river's course and creating a reservoir of 1,350 km². The dam is 7,919 meters long and 196 meters high at its maximum, capable of generating up to 14,000 MW of installed power. In 2023, Itaipu produced about 70 million MWh, supplying approximately 10% of Brazil's energy demand and 86% of Paraguay's.

Water release, known as spillway operation, occurs when the reservoir level exceeds storage capacity, usually during periods of heavy rain or floods on the Paraná River. This process is controlled by gates that release excess water gradually, preventing damage to the structure and ensuring dam safety. Itaipu's spillway can discharge up to 62,200 m³/s, equivalent to 40 times the average flow of Iguazu Falls. The aerial view captures the spectacle of water being launched at high speed, forming a curtain of vapor visible for kilometers.

The dam is a landmark of Brazilian and Paraguayan engineering, having been named one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. Its operation is managed by Itaipu Binacional, which invests in social and environmental programs in the region, such as Atlantic Forest preservation and water quality monitoring. Tourism at the site attracts visitors from around the world, who can explore the visitor center and see the turbines in operation. The image of the spillway, especially at dusk, is one of the most iconic records of the energy capacity and grandeur of the project.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the total generation capacity of the Itaipu dam?

Itaipu has an installed capacity of 14,000 MW, with 20 generating units of 700 MW each. In 2023, it produced about 70 million MWh.

Why does the dam release water through the spillways?

The release occurs to control the reservoir level during heavy rain or floods, preventing overloading of the dam and ensuring its safety.

Is Itaipu the largest hydroelectric dam in the world?

Itaipu was the largest in generation for many years, but now it is the second, behind the Three Gorges Dam in China. It remains the largest in cumulative generation.