Arabic calligraphy ink

Arabic calligraphy ink is a traditional blend of soot and gum arabic, essential to Islamic art since the 7th century.

About this subject

Arabic calligraphy ink, known as midād or ḥibr, is a central element in Islamic art. Traditionally, it was made from soot derived from oil lamps or burned organic materials, mixed with gum arabic as a binder and water. This composition ensured flow and durability, allowing precise strokes with the reed pen (qalam).

Its use dates back to the Umayyad period (7th-8th century), when calligraphy became the primary form of artistic expression in the Islamic world, especially for transcribing the Quran. Different calligraphic schools, such as Kufic and Naskh, required variations in ink consistency and color. Master calligraphers like Ibn Muqla (10th century) and Yaqut al-Musta'simi (13th century) developed specific recipes, sometimes incorporating honey or egg white for sheen.

Interestingly, black ink was the most valued, but colors like blue (lapis lazuli) and red (cinnabar) were used for headings and ornaments. Today, contemporary calligraphers still prepare their own inks following historical methods, keeping this tradition alive. Modern commercial ink for Arabic calligraphy, though industrially produced, aims to replicate the original properties.

Frequently Asked Questions

How is traditional Arabic calligraphy ink made?

The ink is made by mixing soot from oil lamps or charcoal with gum arabic and water. Some masters add honey or egg white to improve sheen and adhesion.

What is the difference between Arabic calligraphy ink and Chinese ink?

Both use soot and a binder, but Arabic ink traditionally uses gum arabic, while Chinese ink uses animal glue. Arabic ink is more fluid, suited for the qalam, while Chinese ink is thicker for brushes.

Why is black ink the most important in Arabic calligraphy?

Black symbolizes elegance and clarity, and was the standard color for Quranic text. Black ink was also more durable and contrasted well with paper, aiding readability.