Submarine periscope view

Through a submarine periscope, the sea surface is observed, an essential instrument for navigation and tactical reconnaissance while submerged.

About this subject

The periscope is one of the most iconic pieces of equipment on a submarine, allowing the crew to observe the outside world without fully surfacing. Invented in the 19th century, it was adapted for military use in the late 1800s and became standard on submarines during World War I. The basic principle uses two mirrors or prisms at 45-degree angles to redirect light, enabling vertical periscopic vision. On modern submarines, optical periscopes have been supplemented or replaced by optronic masts, which use digital cameras and infrared sensors, transmitting images to internal monitors. This reduces the need to expose the periscope for long periods, decreasing the risk of detection. The diameter of the periscope tube is typically small, around 10 to 20 centimeters, to minimize visual and radar signature. Periscope height can vary from a few meters to over 10 meters, depending on the submarine's depth. Historically, the periscope was used to aim torpedoes, observe targets, and navigate in shallow waters. During the Cold War, nuclear submarines used advanced periscopes with night vision capabilities and extended range. Interestingly, the term "periscope" comes from the Greek "periskopein," meaning "to look around." Today, despite advances in sonar and drones, the periscope remains relevant for visual reconnaissance and communication in situations where electronic systems may be compromised.

Frequently Asked Questions

How does a submarine periscope work?

A periscope uses two mirrors or prisms at 45-degree angles to reflect light from the top to the bottom, allowing the observer to see above the surface while the submarine remains submerged.

How tall is a submarine periscope?

The height of a periscope can range from a few meters to over 10 meters, depending on the submarine's design and operating depth.

Do modern submarines still use optical periscopes?

Many modern submarines have replaced optical periscopes with optronic masts using digital cameras, but some retain optical periscopes as backups.