Elephant herd at watering hole

A herd of African elephants gathers at a waterhole during the dry season, one of the most iconic spectacles of the savanna.

About this subject

African elephants (Loxodonta africana) are the largest land animals on Earth, with adult males weighing up to 6 tons. During the dry season in sub-Saharan Africa, water becomes a scarce and vital resource. Waterholes like the one depicted become gathering points not only for elephants but for a wide range of wildlife. An adult elephant can drink between 100 and 200 liters of water per day, using its trunk to suck and pour the liquid into its mouth. Beyond hydration, these sites offer mud baths that help regulate body temperature and protect the skin from parasites.

Social dynamics within a herd are complex and led by an experienced matriarch, usually the oldest female. She decides the routes to water sources and food, a memory that can span decades. Males, on the other hand, tend to be solitary or form temporary groups. The presence of calves in the herd indicates a relatively safe environment, as adults form a protective circle around the young when danger is perceived. Unfortunately, the species faces threats such as illegal ivory poaching and habitat loss, and is classified as vulnerable by the IUCN.

Interestingly, elephants can detect water sources kilometers away using infrasound and ground vibrations. They also play a crucial ecological role as ecosystem engineers: by digging waterholes with their tusks and feet in dry riverbeds, they create water access for other species. The image captures this moment of interdependence between the largest land animal and its arid environment.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many liters of water does an African elephant drink per day?

An adult African elephant can consume between 100 and 200 liters of water daily, especially during the dry season.

Why do elephants take mud baths?

Mud baths help regulate body temperature, protect the skin from sunburn and parasites, and serve as a natural insect repellent.

What is the role of the matriarch in an elephant herd?

The matriarch, usually the oldest female, leads the herd in search of water and food, using her long-term memory to guide the group across the savanna.