Gutenberg bible page

A page from the Gutenberg Bible, the first major book printed with movable type in Western Europe, marking the dawn of the printing press era.

About this subject

The Gutenberg Bible, also called the 42-line Bible, was printed in Mainz, Germany, around 1455 by Johannes Gutenberg. It is the first major book in Europe produced using movable type, combining metal casting, a wine press, and oil-based ink. Each page features two columns of 42 lines each, in a Gothic Textura typeface that imitates medieval manuscript handwriting.

Between 160 and 180 copies were printed, of which about 49 survive. Twelve are on vellum (animal skin) and the rest on paper. Vellum copies required the skins of approximately 170 sheep each. Initials and ornamental decorations were added by hand after printing, illuminated by specialized artists, making each copy unique.

The Gutenberg Bible represents a cultural revolution. Before it, book production was slow and expensive, confined to monasteries and universities. The printing press enabled faster dissemination of knowledge, contributing to the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, and the rise of modern science. Gutenberg’s technology remained essentially unchanged for about 350 years.

Notably, the Bible lacks a title page and page numbers. Copies were often bound in two volumes. The text is the Latin Vulgate, translated by Saint Jerome. The price of a copy at the time equaled three years’ wages for a typical clerk, yet it was still cheaper than a manuscript.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why is the Gutenberg Bible important?

It marks the beginning of printing in the West, enabling mass production of books and revolutionizing knowledge dissemination.

How many copies still exist?

About 49 complete or partial copies remain, 12 on vellum and the rest on paper.

How was the Bible decorated?

Initials and ornaments were hand-painted by illuminators, making each copy unique.