Film reel on table aged

Aged film reel on a table displays marks of time and the history of analog cinema.

About this subject

Film reels, also known as spools, were the primary medium for recording moving images throughout much of the 20th century. Made of cellulose acetate or cellulose nitrate, films were wound onto metal or plastic cores. Over time, the material undergoes chemical degradation: nitrate becomes flammable and acetate can release acetic acid, a phenomenon called "vinegar syndrome." An aged reel shows stains, warping, and loss of flexibility, signs that signal the urgency of preservation.

Preserving film collections is a global challenge. Institutions like the Cinemateca Brasileira and the Academy Film Archive store reels in cold chambers at temperatures between -5°C and 10°C with relative humidity below 30% to slow decay. Digitizing historical films has become a priority to save works that would otherwise be lost. However, the texture and grain of original film grant an aesthetic many filmmakers still seek, as seen in recent productions that use celluloid to evoke nostalgia.

Interestingly, the standard 35 mm format was established by Thomas Edison and William Dickson in the late 19th century, with four perforations per frame. Super 8, launched in 1965, popularized home movies. A standard 35 mm reel can hold up to 1000 feet (about 305 meters) of film, enough for approximately 11 minutes of projection at 24 frames per second. The shift to digital has drastically reduced the production of raw film stock, but manufacturers like Kodak still cater to filmmakers who prefer analog.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why do old film reels deteriorate?

Deterioration occurs due to chemical instability of the base: cellulose nitrate (used until the 1950s) is highly flammable and decomposes releasing acidic gases; cellulose acetate undergoes hydrolysis, releasing acetic acid (vinegar smell) and shrinking the emulsion.

How can I store film reels at home?

Store in a cool, dry place with temperature below 20°C and relative humidity between 30% and 50%. Avoid direct sunlight and keep reels in airtight containers, preferably made of polypropylene, which does not react with the film.

What is vinegar syndrome?

It is a degradation process of acetate-based film, identified by a strong vinegar odor. The film shrinks, becomes brittle, and may release gases that damage nearby films. Prevention requires refrigerated storage.