Pelican flying low water

Pelican flying low over water, a coastal bird known for its pouch bill and graceful flight.

About this subject

The pelican is a large water bird belonging to the family Pelecanidae. There are eight species worldwide, with the brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) being the most common in the Americas, including along the Brazilian coast. These birds are easily recognized by their long beak and pouch, which they use to scoop up fish. Pelican flight is distinctive: they glide with broad, straight wings, often close to the water's surface, using air currents to conserve energy. This low-altitude flight is especially observed during foraging, as they cover long distances along the shoreline.

Pelicans are social birds, often found in flocks. In flight, they typically form lines or V-shapes, aiding aerial navigation. For feeding, the brown pelican performs spectacular dives: from heights of up to 10 meters, it plunges headfirst into the water to catch fish. In contrast, the great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus), found in Africa and Asia, prefers group feeding, forming circles to drive fish into shallow waters. Their wingspan can reach up to 3 meters, one of the largest among flying birds.

Culturally, the pelican holds strong symbolism. In European heraldry, it represents sacrifice and charity, stemming from the medieval legend that the female fed her chicks with her own blood. In Brazil, the brown pelican is mainly sighted from Maranhão to Rio Grande do Sul, on beaches, mangroves, and estuaries. Although not globally threatened, some populations suffer from pollution, habitat destruction, and accidental capture in fishing nets. The presence of pelicans is an indicator of healthy coastal environments rich in biodiversity.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the average flight speed of a pelican?

Pelicans fly at about 40 to 60 km/h, and can glide efficiently at lower speeds. On long-distance flights, they use updrafts to conserve energy.

How do pelicans reproduce?

Pelicans nest in colonies, usually on the ground or in low trees. The female lays 1 to 4 eggs, incubated by both parents. Chicks are born blind and naked, fed with regurgitated fish.

Are pelicans migratory birds?

Some species, like the great white pelican, undertake seasonal migrations. The brown pelican tends to be resident or make local movements in search of food, without regular long-distance migration.